Surveillance Technology And Monitoring Criminology Essay

Surveillance Technology And Monitoring Criminology Essay Post 9/11, it seems many people are content to accept increased monitoring, surveillance and incursions into their private lives to support what is sold as enhanced safeguards to individual and national security. Yet, there are lurking dangers in such tacit acceptance. Critically analyse with illustrations, contrasting different criminological viewpoints in your answer. Surveillance technology and monitoring has been increasing, especially in the wake of 9/11, however it has two faces,  [1]  on the one hand providing safety and security to protect the public and aiding national security, but on the other hand it provides an intrusive interference into peoples private lives and it can curtail rights, creating a division within society. There has been a change in criminological ideologies and the way that crime is dealt with. We now live in what is called a surveillance society.  [2]  In Discipline and Punish,  [3]  Foucault wrote about the brutal system of punishment, which focused on the infliction of pain on the body that existed in the 1700s, which was replaced by the prison, eighty years later.  [4]  This was seen as an efficient way of punishing as it is based on the technology of power. Foucault referred to this as discipline based around surveillance, which uses a variety of subtle techniques to control and manage the offender in ever more finely graded ways.  [5]  Foucault used Benthams panopticon prison design as a metaphor, to describe the role that surveillance played inside the prison. The circular prison design, featuring a central guards tower from which a guard can see into every single prison cell while themselves remaining hidden, separates out the prisoners, thus helping control order in the prison, but also generates knowledge and practices relating to the prisoners through facilitating study of them as individuals.  [6]  It was thought that this constant visibility would bring about a sense of vulnerability in the prisoners, which, in turn, would lead them to control themselves and progressively the exercise of power over the inmate should become unnecessary as they exercise self discipline.  [7]   A contemporary example is provided by Shearing and Stenning,  [8]  in relation to control within Disney World, which they termed instrumental discipline. The control structures and activities have other functions which are highlighted so that the control function is overshadowed. For example, employees wish visitors a happy day and a good time from the moment they arrive as well as maintaining order, so that the control and surveillance is unnoticed but its effects are ever present. Potential trouble is anticipated and prevented by the surveillance of omnipresent employees who detect and rectify the slightest deviation. As a consequence the control becomes consensual, effected with the willing co-operation if those being controlled, which allows coercion to be reduced to a minimum, much like Foucaults description of Benthams panopticon. It is an extraordinarily effective form of control where people conform due to the pleasures of consuming the goods that corporate power has to o ffer. Surveillance is pervasive and it is not in the form of the Big Brother state, it is defined by private authorities designed to further the interest of the Disney Corporation than a moral discipline which shapes and sustains a particular order. Within Disney World the control is embedded, preventative, subtle and co-operative and requires no knowledge of the individual, therefore it is not intrusive or invading peoples privacy as they continue to enjoy the time spent at Disney World, without realising that they are subject to control. Since the 1970s fear of crime has come to be regarded as a problem quite distinct from actual crime and victimization, and distinctive policies have been developed that aim to reduce fear levels, rather than to reduce crime.  [9]  Foucault was concerned about knowledge-production,  [10]  which is now more readily available and more easily accessible through news on the television and the internet. This has given rise to an information society,  [11]  which led to an increase of fear but also earlier and accurate predictions of current and future criminal behaviour and methods in order to safeguard against them as crime has been re-dramatised in the media. Media may construct groups who are feared and seen as outsiders e.g. paedophiles and terrorists and not only does their exclusion increase their insecurity but also everyone else feels more insecure because of the risk they have been told these groups pose. The rest of the population needs to be protected from these dang erous people who should be controlled by fairly strong authoritarian State action.  [12]  This is how and why surveillance is sold to consumers by governments and commercial organisations as benign and in society best interest and it is why  [13]  there is a lack of resistance to and largely complacent acceptance of, surveillance systems by society in general. During the twentieth-century there was a shift from normalising individual offenders (post crime) to pre-crime  [14]  management by reducing opportunities of risks posed by actual and would-be offenders. This was represented in Feeley and Simons New Penology,  [15]  which concerned actuarialism and anticipating the future and assessed risks to prevent crime. A range of risk calculation techniques that underpin crime control policies which seek to identify and manage groups of people according to their assorted levels of dangerousness  [16]  were developed. Within the theory of managerialism, developed a practice of targeting resources (on crime hot-spots, career criminals, repeat victims, and high risk offenders); gate-keeping to exclude trivial or low-risk cases (except where these are deemed to be linked to more serious public safety issues); and a generalised cost-consciousness in the allocation of criminal justice resources.  [17]  This was seen as economic, effic ient and effective within the public sector, where strategies were employed by police organisations including the increased use of surveillance, proactive targeting of people and places, and the rise of problem-oriented policing and intelligence-led policing,  [18]  which was prominent with the application of scarce resources for the worse risks. A modern example of this is the airport security system, which now uses biometric sensors to obtain various measurements of biological features unique to each individual, such as iris pattern, fingerprint or handprint, and comparing this data to previously recorded data of the same type in a database.  [19]  These screening techniques are then used to identify typical offender characteristics, where it is important to maintain security and to flag-up certain passengers as being high risk based on simple calculations. Passengers scoring above a certain threshold can be searched, questioned or investigated further, or discretely put under surveillance within the airport terminal.  [20]  Another example includes the use of automatic number plate recognition (ANPR), which works by scanning passing vehicle registration plates and checking them against various relevant digitised databases, to ensure that the vehicle has insurance and to check any document irregularity with the driv er. This form of surveillance is more intrusive than foot-traffic by closed-circuit television (CCTV) that normally leaves those observed anonymous.  [21]   Critics of such risk checklists claim that this can lead to social sorting,  [22]  which may involve stereotypes of race, religious faith, nationality and gender, for example, to be aggregated to define target markets and risky populations, which can have far reaching impact on life chances, and of social exclusion and discrimination.  [23]  It could be argued that the aforementioned are only present in poorly researched and implemented screening systems, and that properly researched, evidence-based screening systems that have been properly evaluated and revised as necessary are a useful additional tool.  [24]  However, the airport security system relates back to Benthams Panopticon as individuals are being watched but do not know the extent to which they are being watched, if at all, but may modify their behaviour nevertheless. This disciplinary surveillance manifests in all areas of social life, including health and medicine, education, the military and factories.  [2 5]  Advanced security and surveillance technologies may help to curtail feelings of insecurity amongst the public but the degree of interference should reflect the level of the risk or dangerousness that the surveillance is monitoring and trying to prevent. This intrusion may seem to be justified within airport security due to recent dangers relating to terrorism, importing and exporting of illegal drugs and illegal immigration. Protecting the public has become the dominant theme of penal policy.  [26]   Deleuze  [27]  points to electronic tagging of offenders rather than being detained in a prison, thus todays society is able to punish and control even while setting free. Today, many offenders being electronically monitored are not in fact offenders whom a court has so sentenced, but are actually prisoners who early conditional release from their medium-term prison sentences who would be monitored at home for the remainder of the time that they would have been in prison.  [28]  Tracking tags, like electronic access cards, can permit/disallow or warn against entry to a particular zone or place, possibly at a particular time or day. The first generation of electronic tags did not have any capability of tracking an individual tagged offenders movement.  [29]  In recent years, a second generation of electronic tags, look set to supersede and replace the earlier generation tags. The GPS technology enables the tag to identify its exact geographical position, while the mobile cell phone technology enables the tag to relay this positional data back to a monitoring centre. Tags and key cards leave a little digital record in an archive each time they are used which can be used as a way to reconstruct events should something go awry. Tags can modulate a given offenders daily routine, thus there is potential to combine this mass of stored data to build up a picture of a persons activities, communications, interests, financial transactions, and so on.  [30]  Cohen  [31]  talked about a blurring of boundaries so that it is sometimes difficult to tell where the prison ends and the community begins, due to the use of custody and electronic monitoring. This type of technology is extremely intrusive on part of the offender and may seek to segregate them from the community and also affects the family of the offender. However, it does not seem to affect the public at large. Jones  [32]  points out that intelligence agencies use of surveillance practices (i.e. spying) and their use of ongoing monitoring systems designed to alert them to certain circumstances of interest or concern. CCTV can also be combined with facial recognition software to match facial image data stored on databases of known individuals.  [33]  Even though this may be seen as intrusive, there would be a reason behind why the suspects image was held in the first place. This would flag-up known offenders which, would make it a simpler task for police investigation if such technologies existed. The inescapability of surveillance and compliance with it is something that many people find objectionable for many reasons, such as, loss of privacy, autonomy, trust or control and may thus actively resist or seek to subvert it. However, it is more accepted if the information obtained is recognised as being legitimate.  [34]  If cameras are pointing in the correct direction and images are being recorded then a visual record of the offence is made which could be used to apprehend the offender and/or secure a conviction in a court, as it may be available in evidence, thereby justifying the use of CCTV. Poor image and recording quality seem likely to become less significant as technology improves.  [35]  However, this may not act as a deterrent as crime may be displaced so that offenders simply commit crimes where there are no cameras. There was belief that CCTV would deter people from committing crimes, however, research shows that CCTV schemes were not as effective at crime reduction as hoped. Welsh and Farrington  [36]  found that improved street light was more effective in reducing crime in city centres, that both were more effective in reducing property crimes than violent crimes, and that both measures were far more effective in reducing crime. They also noted that in Britain city centres CCTV cameras generally appear popular with the public. In 1991, Foucault  [37]  concentrated on the art of government where conduct was not controlled or governed by the criminal justice system alone but through a plethora of organisations, many of them private and many with a central role in other spheres such as commerce.  [38]  These include local authorities, health services and voluntary agencies.  [39]  Individuals are also expected to take responsibility for their own security. Each of these adds to the process of responsibilisation which has become part of modern control of crime and disorder.  [40]  Foucaults discussion of governmentality  [41]  included the rise of neo-liberalism, which recast the ideal role of the State from one as guarantor of security to one in which rule is progressively undertaken at a distance from the State. Cohen  [42]  talked about dispersal of discipline and stated that boundaries have also been blurred between the public and the private as the private sector comes to play an e ver-larger role. Privatised ownership of data raised anxiety of expandable mutability  [43]  and function creep,  [44]  which are concepts meaning that technology designed for one purpose can take on other functions, and data collected for one purpose can migrate for use in other ways that have potential to be deployed in broader contexts.  [45]  An example of this is where Transport for London will allow bulk data from its ANPR cameras used to log vehicles for congestion charging purposes to be viewed in real time by anti-terrorist officers of the Metropolitan Police for intelligence purposes.  [46]  The sharing of intelligence information between agencies could well be liable to unauthorised leakage  [47]  and potential abuse of data sharing. This may lead to breaches of the data protection, human rights and the erosion of privacy, as the public are unaware that data collected in relation to them is being used for unknown purposes, even though they may be legit imate. One way the law has sought to deal with this is through the Data Protection Act 1998, which requires that those who operate CCTV systems (data controllers) and who record images from which individuals can be identified, must register with the Information Commissioner and ensure that the system is operated in accordance with the data protection principles, however this legislation does not apply for intelligence purposes as described above. To conclude, procedural safeguards included surveillance cameras have come to be a routine presence on city streets and the risk of unrestrained State authorities, of arbitrary power and the violations of civil liberties seem no longer to figure so prominently in public concern.  [48]  Corbett  [49]  argues that increased surveillance is defensible if the data collected is used strictly for state security purposes, crime prevention and crime detection, to promote deterrence and encourage compliance of potential offenders, and when this fails, sanction them in the hope of future individual deterrence. For the time being, surveillance technologies are here to stay; it is the price that people need to pay in order to have improved national security for the safety and security of the mass population. However, is the State surveillance going too far with the form of surveillance on the roads, where cameras are permitted to reach into the private interior space of vehicles to photo graph a driver as a safeguard against penalty point fraud or where proposals have been made for mandatorily fitting cars with black boxes that can locate them in the event of a road crash?  [50]  A balance needs to be struck so that the State does not abuse its power, otherwise it will be accountable to Article 8.  [51]   Word count: 2, 498 Bibliography Question 2 Books Garland, D. 2001. The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society, Oxford University Press: Oxford. Hale, C., Hayward, K., Wahidin, A., Wincup, E., 2005. Criminology, Oxford University Press: Oxford Newburn, T., 2007. Criminology, Willan Publishing: Devon. Williams, K.., 2008. Textbook on Criminology, 6th edition, Oxford University Press: Oxford Articles Corbett, C. 2008. Techno-Surveillance of the Roads: High Impact and Low Interest, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 10, 1-18 Shearing, C. Stenning, P. 1987. Say Cheese! The Disney Order that is not so Mickey Mouse, Private Policing, Newbury Park, CA: Sage. PP.317-323

Evaluation and Control Methods at McDonalds

Evaluation and Control Methods at McDonalds Evaluation and Control of Marketing Plans I. Abstract Every commercial organization looks to the bottom line to measure their degree of success over a given fiscal period, and as a barometer of performance as well as profitability. And regardless of the product(s), goods or services that company is engaged in the success of the organization depends on effective methods to generate sales, which is marketing and the evaluation and control of all factors within the enterprise. In addition, to the degree in which it can, the company also needs to evaluate and control factors or influence those aspects that are outside of the enterprise. The degree to which a company employs the correct methods within these spheres will determine to a great extent the degree(s) of success it will have in the marketplace. Achieving success in the consumer arena, as well as staying and thriving there, is a function of an organizations ability to implement what it has learned through market research and then implement those plans while evaluating and controlling their progress through the monitoring and measurement of results against forecasts. The preceding is important, because without goals and objectives the process itself is moot. And to attain the foregoing management must be able to pin point as well as understand the relative progress being made at every step in the selling and administrative (support) process to increase the quality, value and reputation of its offering, be it a product goods or services as well as adjust, modify, control, and factors that act upon or are inherent in this synergy. The preceding success is defined by the proper application of evaluative and control theories, of which there are a number of excellent examples. Toys R Us, Nabisco, Honda, British Airways and countless other industry leaders have all managed to find the proper mix of evaluation and control methodologies in their industry sectors. And while there is no definitive system or methodology that is universal there are principles that form the foundation for the development of those methods that work within the confines of a particular industry classification and thus, marketplace. Given the subtle nature of the components comprising these processes, evaluation and control, it was determined that the selection of the McDonalds Corporation would provide an illustrative example whereby the synergies are readily apparent. The promotion and selling of hamburgers has vaulted this company into a global icon that was fostered by creating a marketing concept that the company utilizes throughout its organizational matrix. McDonalds is a stellar example of a marketing driven company that has forged new ground in its industry classification as a result of successful evaluative and control techniques. II. Introduction In business, the scorecard is revenue. It measures the success of management in developing and organizing the enterprise into a coherent operation that effectively and efficiently produces and sells its products. McDonalds is one of the worlds most successful marketing driven companies regardless of whether you personally partake of its menu offerings, the company has managed to build an extremely successful brand franchise with young adults, as well as segments of the population above thirty. The company recognized that adults have a wide breathe of selections from which to choose, and are subject to the influences of associates, co-workers and circumstances in making such. Whereas children do not have this luxury, they are a product of the small environment they operate in, which is by and large home, school and their play interludes with friends. And one of the most influential components within that environment is television. McDonalds built and maintains its franchise by consistently cultivating and dominating afternoon as well as Saturday cartoon and childrens shows to create a built in recognition and sales base in the young generation. This influence thus extends to their parents, who become marketing targets as well, and continues as McDonalds follows as well as leads them through elementary and high school, into college and the working world. The image built through these advertising messages is reinforced in locations, the huge McDonalds tractor-trailers with giant hamburgers on the side and the delivery of the product in outlets. Even the use of the color red has been selected to achieve consumer recognition (Goodell, 2003) as it relies upon its location in the color spectrum to draw our eyes to it. Red, along with yellow tends to raise ones blood pressure ever so slightly as well as very moderately dilate the pupils. These attention and recall factors have been incorporated into the recognizable McDonalds signage, locations and interiors. The preceding examples are long term components of the companys marketing strategy that have helped to drive sales making it the worlds largest fast food operator. III. An Appraisal of Evaluation and Control Methods Kotlers (2003) book Marketing Management essentially states that the understanding of what to do and adjusting the processes while in motion, are the key principles of forging a marketing plan into revenue success. Least we forget, no matter how expertly crafted a marketing plan may be, results are not guaranteed. The foregoing is because market conditions change on a consistent basis, as must varied components of the marketing plan to adjust to market realities. This does not say that the core or foundation of the plan needs adjustment, just its branches and tentacles (Britannica, 2005). Cook, et al (1993) indicated that overlooking the importance of theory in program evaluation is a mistake. Senge (1994) elaborates on the foregoing in explaining that theory is a set of assumptions that are utilized in building a practical model on varied topics or business areas. Scriven (1991) states evaluation is the process of determining the merit, worth and value of things and goes on to add, evaluations are the products of that process Control theories are outgrowth of the requirement for businesses to gather information into meaningful statistical data for evaluation. Control also entails administrative, supervisory, production and logistics management (Schoensleben, 2000), and represents the data, processes and systems that evaluation theories as well as processes look at. Together, these two areas form the analytical process which is the key to all intellectual endeavors and the most powerful as well as versatile of tool disciplines such as design, statistics and logic. Brassington et al (2002) discusses the importance of controls and the establishment of them to effectively monitor and manage information as well as oversee results by gathering data for management review and evaluation. Without controls evaluation would be reduced to a study of planning measures to develop a means by which to gauge the effectiveness of varied business functions such as manufacturing, sales, marketing campaigns, etc. These are subject areas broached by Mills (1988) in describing the importance of verifying information gathered for analysis to ensure the proper foundational data is utilized in the process. The evaluation process is not just about raw numbers and data, Scriven (1980) states that Evaluation is what it is and adds that it is the determination of merit or worth, and what it is used for is another matter. Weiss (1972) sees the process in a broader context that encompasses policies, processes, people and any aspect that forms a functioning part of operation s. The core of the preceding references establishes that purpose of evaluations is to measure the results against the goals set at the onset, and to utilize this data in decision processes concerning modification and or improvement, if required. IV. The Importance of Evaluation and Control Methods at McDonalds Founded by Dick and Mac McDonald in 1948 as a restaurant. The McDonalds we know today did not begin its fast food origins until the brothers introduced their Speedee Service System that Ray Kroc utilized to establish the franchise system. This system, represents the control mechanism that McDonalds utilizes to control quality, sales and all aspects of operations that are tied into headquarter operations through regional branches that review and correlate the daily data. While the implications of the preceding are obvious in todays terms, such was not the case when the company established its first franchised outlet in 1953 (McDonalds Corporation, 2005). It is this franchise system that provides McDonalds with the perfect control mechanism for its 20,000 global locations and the information tools via which the company can evaluate each operation (McDonalds Corporation, 2005). The McDonalds franchise system works so well because they say that headquarters actually listens to them. This two-way communication path is a critical tool in retaining management control as well as a means to evaluate performance. The relationship between the individual McDonalds outlets and the corporation are so good that the idea for the Big Mac, Egg McMuffin and Ronald McDonald did not come from the headquarters operation, or even the companys advertising agency, but from a franchised store owner (McDonalds Corporation, 2005). As a result of management listening so closely to its franchisees the companys same store sales actually continue to increase with the opening of more McDonalds, belying the problem of potential saturation and the resultant reduction of revenues. The company has managed to develop such an excellent system of control because each of its outlets are owned by individuals with ties to their community and they are granted the freedom to run their business on a day to day basis within the broad context of McDonalds quality guidelines (McDonalds Corporation, 2005). The companys support and availability to its franchisees represents one of its most successful controls in that the assistance is welcomed, rather than being seen as supervision or meddling. The data collected through web based computer systems aids the company in understanding individual territories as well as individual store performance and assists in the planning of marketing and promotional campaigns as well as understanding competitive tactics and developments as part of the excellent two-way feed-back process that exists between the franchise owners and the company. V. Assessment of the Methods of Evaluation and Control at McDonalds The open two-way communication system that exists on the franchisor to franchisee basis within the McDonalds corporate culture and organizational matrix represents the interpersonal side of the relationship that fosters the flow of ideas as well as suggestions and innovations. On the data side, the restaurants are all equipped with a two-way data link system that permits them to send updates on the daily tally of sales. This information provides McDonalds with information on the consumption percentage of products as well as the success rate of promotions and advertising/marketing programs. The sophistication of this information provides the company with data on adjustments, modifications and other changes that might need to be made to either increase the effectiveness of these programs, as well as the planning, timing and spacing of future programs, advertising and campaigns. The preceding represents the heart of the McDonalds franchise driven success in that the effectiveness of its marketing program has created an atmosphere where the company is ingrained as an iconic part of lifestyles. An audience the company keeps close tabs on through its daily product sales updates. One of the methods that the company employs to evaluate quality throughout its franchise chain is the utilization of mystery shoppers to provide feed-back (Leung, 2001). This program was implemented to keep franchise owners on their toes concerning quality control and policy with respect to customer greetings, the offering of special promotions and order fulfillment along with a host of other things. This particular program has seen the quality scores come in at 81.9%, which is just marginally better than Burger King at 80.1%, Wendys at 80.7% and the 77% recorded for Taco Bell. The McDonalds score was only slightly higher than the 80% that is the mean average for all restaurant establishments nationwide (Leung, 2001). And while the company has not seen any dramatic increase from this particular program, the cumulative effect of all of the in-place as well as yet to be implemented measures represents a commitment to evaluative and control methodologies. Even in the face of mixed resul ts in this instance, the continued emphasis within this area is beneficial as a policy. VI. Recommendations The evaluation and control theories and practices of McDonalds as part of their franchisee relationship, represents a company wide commitment to a two-way communication methodology for that doubles as a feed-back as well as data collection system. As is usually the case with any program(s) there will be periods and or instances that suffer from quality or information slippage as well as a net performance that is less than optimal however, the commitment to such a policy has helped to make the company the leader within its field. The commitment of McDonalds to its open communication system and data collection methods provides the company with the means to monitor, evaluate and review marketing, administrative, policy and other areas which are all dependent upon public opinion. The seamless nature of the companys marketing, data and communication systems is a plus in providing management with information to make adjustments in control mechanisms through the evaluation of various programs and data sets. The culture as well as methodology is in place, and even though there will be instances whereby the individual applications might not yield the anticipated results the commitment to such close ties and pulse beat on its customers represents a company that understands the nature of the business it is engaged in customer satisfaction on all levels of contact. It is possible that the addition of short surveys and interviews might provide further benefits, but all in all McDonalds is actively engaged in maintaining a close relationship with its outlets and customers through active control and assessment methodologies. VII. Bibliography Brassington, Frances, Pettitt, Stephen. 2002. Principles of Marketing. Pp 623 675. Prentice Hall. ISBN: 0273657917 Britannica Online. 2005. The Marketing Process: Marketing Evaluation and Control. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27222?tocId=27222 Cook, T.D., Shadish, W.R., Leviton, L.C. 1993. Foundations of Program Evaluation. P. 20. Sage Publications. ISBN: 0803953011 Goodell, JJ. 2003. Some Thoughts on Color. http://www.goodellgroup.com/color.html Kolter, Philip. 2003. Marketing Management. Pp 256-345. Prentice Hall. ISBN: 0130336297 Leung, Shirley. 2001. McDonalds Asks Mystery Shoppers What Ails Sales. 17/12/2001. P. B1,3. The Wall Street Journal McDonalds. 2005. The McDonalds History. http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/mcd_history_pg1.html Mills, Charles. 1988. The Quality Audit: A Management Evaluation Tool. McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 007042484 Schoensleben, Paul. 2000. Integral Logistics Management: Planning Control of Comprehensive Business Processes. Pp 162 221. Saint Lucie Press. ISBN: 1574442724 Scriven, M. 1991. Evaluation Thesaurus. P 1 Sage Publications. ISBN: 0803943644 Scriven, M. 1980. The Logic of Evaluation. P. 7. Edgepress Senge, Peter. 1994. The Fifth Discipline. Currency Publications. ISBN: 0385260954 Weiss, Carol. 1972. Evaluation Research: Methods for Assessing Program Effectiveness. Prentice Hall. ISBN: 0132921936

Rossetts Model Essay -- Instructional Design Rossett Essays

Rossett's Model Overview Organizations are constantly faced with finding solutions to their problems. Often times they demand training to act as a quick fix to their problems; thus, trainers need to make needs assessment an essential part of their instructional design process. Otherwise, according to Zemke (1998), trainers "could very well end up doing a marvelous job of solving the wrong problems". Therefore, the trainer's challenge is to find the problem and to understand it sufficiently so that it can be solved (Rossett, 1987). "Analysis or needs assessment is the basis for wise recommendation about instruction and supporting organizational strategies" (Rossett 1992). The terms used may vary. Some may refer it to front-end analysis; others may site a need to gather information, while some are planning, studying or scoping (Rossett 1990). No matter what it is called, Rossett (1987) believes trainers must make professional and convincing cases for analysis prior to particular solutions. This paper will focus on Rossett's Model and look at how each component of the model helps identify an organization's needs in order to provide possible solutions. Purpose of Needs Assessment According to Rossett (1995), needs assessment is the "initial pursuit of information about a situation" (pg. 183) in order to provide trainers insight into "what is needed to improve performance" (pg. 184). Conducted at the beginning of any training or development process, needs assessments are intended to identify gaps between what should be happening and what is actually happening (Rossett, 1987). In her needs assessment model, Rossett states five purposes of the needs assessment process (Rossett, 1987). This process is i... ...rocess. It is at this stage that all of the future actions of any project are planned. The bottom line is that a thorough needs assessment will save time and money in the development process by targeting the cause(s) of the problem in order to prescribe the correct interventions. References: Rossett, A. (1995). Needs assessment. In G.J. Anglin (Ed.), Instructional technology: Past, present, future (2nd ed.). (pp. 183-196). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc. Rossett, A. (1992). Performance technology for instructional technologist: Comparisons and possibilities. Performance and Instruction, 31(10), 6-10. Rossett, A. (1987). Training Needs Assessment, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications. Zemke, R. (1998). How to do a needs assessment when you think you don't have time. Training, 35(3), 38-44

The Kite Runner Redemption

What is the worst thing you have done to a friend or family member? Have you lied to them? Stolen from them? After the dreadful deed, did they forgive you? More importantly, did you forgive yourself? Regret and redemption are very important themes in the book The Kite Runner. Having regret for something can affect your whole life, as seen with the character, Amir. Through the development of Amir and his childhood friend, Hassan, Amir has to live with his regret and hope for redemption for the rest of his life. From the beginning of the story The Kite Runner, it is apparent that Amir did something wrong from the very first page. Amir says, â€Å"Standing in the kitchen with the receiver to my ear, I knew it wasn’t just Rahim Khan on the line. It was my past of unatoned sins. † (1). The reader understands that Amir had done something wrong in the winter of 1975. Later, we figure out what this â€Å"something† was; he watched Hassan get raped. It was after Amir had just won his kite race and Hassan had gone to fetch the winning kite. He then came across the bullies of the neighborhood: Assef, Kamal, and Wali. Assef tried to take the kite, but like a loyal friend, Hassan would not let him. Assef then let Hassan keep the kite, but only to pay the price of being raped. Amir stood behind a wall and watched it all happen without saying one word. This is probably one of the most important scenes in the whole book; Amir’s actions from this shaped how he grew up and lived the rest of his life with regret. After Amir watched Hassan get raped, nothing was the same. He was filled with guilt and regret. He felt like a coward. â€Å"I ran because I was a coward. I was afraid of Assef and what he would do to me. I was afraid of getting hurt. † (77). He could not turn and help his friend because he was scared, and he wanted the approval of his father for once; he thought bringing home the kite would win Baba over. Little did he know that he ruined the rest of his life by doing this. Amir was filled with such regret that he had to get rid of Hassan one way or another. He could not stand the secret that he had from that night and wanted the pain to go away. Amir changed his and Hassan’s relationship that night. Even after Amir framed Hassan and got him to leave, Amir’s guilt did not go away and he was forever regretting all the decisions he had been making up to this point. Amir and Baba ended up going to America to try to get away from their past and get the redemption they both were longing for. After living life in America, Amir received a phone call from his old friend, Rahim Khan. Rahim Khan had been looking for some redemption of his own because he had been keeping a secret from Amir his whole life; Hassan was actually Baba’s son and Amir’s half brother. Hassan had died and Rahim wanted Amir to retrieve Hassan’s son, Sohrab. Amir still carried around the guilt from the winter of 1975 and decided this was his chance to redeem himself. As Rahim Khan said, â€Å"There was a way to be good again. † (2). This was Amir’s way to be good again. Amir had been looking for redemption his whole life. Retrieving Sohrab would rid himself of this. Amir also outstepped his coward personality when he was faced to a battle with Assef. This part of the book was one of the other most important scenes. Amir came out with Sohrab and he finally got the redemption that he was seeking for since the day he watched Hassan get raped. Throughout the book there were many examples of redemption. It mostly occurred in Amir as we saw his relationship with Hassan grow throughout the book. Amir had such guilt that he had to drive Hassan away; this proved how much of a coward he really was. After that day, he always carried around the guilt of betraying his friend and finally absolved himself by finding his redemption when retrieving Sohrab. Even though his decision of being a coward affected his life miserably, it still shaped him into the man that he was at the end of the book. Hosseini, Khaled. The Kite Runner. New York: Riverhead Books, 2003.

Music Recording Industry

Music Recording INTRODUCTION For centuries man had dreamed of capturing the sounds and music of his environment by means of music recordings. The road to successful music recording had not been smooth until the derivation of the music recording industry. Since the inception of the music recording industry, the way in which music is produced, distributed, sold and consumed have greatly changed so also has popular music changed over time. These changes resulted from new technology which was invented between 1890 and 1900 and paved way for entry, which in turn has caused significant structural shocks within the industry.The Sound Recording Technology invention has not only changed the way we listen, but has also substantially reduced the cost of production, reproduction and distribution of the industry’s product to the very minimum especially within the past 5 years. Although technology seems to pose an obstacle to entry into the industry, recently, the main barrier to entry over the past years has been radio airplay because of the cost associated with informing consumers about the existence and the nature of products in the industry.Between 1900 and 1910, there was an integration of three large firms (Victor, Columbia and Edison) who controlled most audio-related products including playback devices and the audio products themselves and this served as a substantial barrier to entry. But it is possible for another technology of supply, high speed internet, might eventually offset this important barrier to new entrants into the industry.After 1910, the music recording industry became the center of controversy involving (1) alleged price fixing by the major firms in the industry and (2) massive alleged copyright infringement by consumers, in what amount to a free-for-all over economic rents. The clash between the firm and their consumers has erupted in legal open warfare, with the Federal Trade Commission and courts finding the major firms guilty of overchargi ng consumers by nearly half a billion dollars in a scheme that maintain artificially high prices, and the industry suing hundreds of consumers for copy right infringement according to Prof Peter J.Alexander in â€Å"Market Structure of the Domestic Music Recording Industry†. In 2003, The Business Week Online posted that, The Recording Association of America (RIAA), the trade association for the music recording industry, issued hundreds of subpoenas aimed at individual consumers whom they alleged to be copyright violators. MARKET STRUCTURE Number of Firms The market structure of the music recording industry is made of five large international and integrated firms.These firms are Vivendi Universal, Sony Corporation, Time warner, Emi Group and Bertelsmann AG. These firms exhibit number of characteristics including dating back as far as the twentieth century. Also, with the exception of Time Warner, all the firms have been sold and bought many times. Additionally, each firm excep t EMI is part of a larger media with particular interest in motion pictures, television, cable and book publishing, music publishing, production, manufacturing and distribution.The largest among these firms is the Vivendi Universal Music which was created in 1998 from two major French firms, Polygram and MCA. According to the Various Company Reports, represented by the table below, the Vivendi Universal Music is currently the largest music company in terms of market share and recorded music revenues. It owns the largest recorded music in the world, with over one million catalog of recorded music. Its operational activities include production, distribution and publishing of music as well as licensing of music copyrights.According to Prof Peter J. Alexander, in 2002, one out of every four compact disks sold worldwide was a Universal Music Group Product. Some of the Vivendi’s other media holdings include Universal studios (motion picture), USA Networks (television) and Houghton Mifflin (book publishing). Table 1. 1 Worldwide Conglomerate Revenues of the Major Firms, 2002 Firm Total Worldwide Revenue (In billions) |Vivendi Universal $60 Sony $57 Time Warner $41 Bertelsmann $18 EMI $0. 36 Source: Various Company Reports, 2002| Sony Corporation is a subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate and its operational activities include production of Sony compact disks, distribution of recorded music and also publishing music.Sony Corporation is a leading manufacturer of audio, video, communications, and information technology products for the consumer and professional markets. Its motion picture, television, computer entertainment, music and online businesses make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment and technology companies in the world. Other media of the Sony Corporation are the motion picture houses Columbia pictures and Tri-Star pictures. According to Andrew Herman, Sony Corporation became presence in the music record when it bought CBS in 1988. Berte lsmann is a German multi media corporation founded in 1835, based in Gutersloh Germany.It is the second largest global media conglomerate measured in terms of total revenue. Bertelsmann media holdings include books and magazine publishing, producing, manufacturing, and distribution of recorded music. It is also a major European television and radio broadcaster and content producer. Bertelsmann bought RCA in 1985, and that increased their interest in becoming a major presence in the music industry. Time warner is a US based conglomerate and it is the second largest cable provider in the USA. It produces, manufactures, publishes and distributes recorded music.Time Warner also controls the publishing rights of over one million music titles. Other media holding include Warner Brother (motion pictures), WB Network (television), HBO (television), Time Life (magazine) and Warner Books. EMI is a British conglomerate which also produces, manufactures, distributes and publishes recorded music . It is the second largest music publisher and comprises more than one hundred music label. The EMI Group also has a major publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing – also based in London with offices globally. It is the least diversified among the other firms.According to Pro J Peterson, recently, four of these giant firms have been in negotiation to merge their recording operations (Sony with Bertelsmann and EMI to acquire Time Warner recording business). In early 2004 Time Warner sold its Warner Music subsidiary to a new set of owners led by the Canadian Bronfman interests. Combinations between any of these firms would have led to more concentration in that field. Barriers of Entry Barriers to entry in the record industry are generally regarded as low. A number of independents have entered the market successfully over the last ten years.A number of artists signed to independent labels have featured in the singles and album charts. The Top 40 singles charts gained 540 new entran ts in the year ending September 1993, 84 of which were from independents. The Top 40 album charts gained 272 new entries over the same period, 42 of which were from independents according to the British report on recorded music. A small independent record company has few sunk costs since recording, manufacturing, distribution and marketing can all be contracted out to independent third parties. Many costs have come down in recent years.For example, recording equipment of reasonable quality can be purchased for a few hundred pounds, allowing initial recording to be done away from the studio. At the smallest end of the market a recording can be made in a home studio. The combination of rapidly changing consumer tastes and a pool of artistic talent in the UK provides opportunities for independents. Independents can compete against the majors in the signing of new artists in a number of ways. An independent may concentrate on a particular type of music and be better placed than a major to spot new talent and make contact with an artist.Artists may be more attracted to an independent that has a good reputation in their type of music than to a major (that is, they might be perceived as having more `street cred’). There appears to be a pool of people with experience of the record business that is willing to set up record companies, for example ex-artists, producers, artists’ managers or ex-employees of the majors. The reputation of these people may be sufficient to attract new artists. The independents often develop links with the majors.For example, if a new artist is successful but the independent cannot market the artist overseas, the independent may come to an arrangement with a major under which the artist’s recordings are licensed to the major, the artist is signed by the major, or the major takes some financial interest in the independent. Whatever the particular arrangements, there are likely to be benefits for both parties. The majors ar e interested in sharing in the A&R successes of the independents, while for their part the independents gain funds for further A&R.The risks to the artist of signing with an independent are reduced if this exit route is available. The option of outright sale to a major is also open to an independent. The major may be attracted by the existing artist roster, the back catalogue, the personnel or the name of the label. The possibility of a profitable exit from the market is an incentive for a new entrant The table below shows entrance of new firms to the music industry since 1983 Source: British 1994 report on recorded music Shares of the Market According to the BBC worldservice. om up to 90% of the global music market is accounted for by just five corporations: EMI Records, Sony, Vivendi Universal, Time Warner and BMG. Collectively, these corporations are known as ‘the Big Five’, and operate in all of the major music markets in the world. Each of the corporations maintain s their headquarters in the US, the largest of the world’s markets. Of the Big Five, Vivendi Universal is the largest, with 29% of the market share and wholly owned record operations or licensees in 63 countries. Its nearest rival is AOL Time Warner, with 15. 9% of the market share.Each of the corporations operates in a variety of fields beyond recorded music, incorporating publishing, electronics and telecommunications, thus extending their influence to cover more markets within the global entertainment industry. In achieving their dominance in music sales, the Big Five each own a large portfolio of labels, from formerly independent labels to large regional operators in different territories. The biggest exception to their domination of the market is in India, where the large film music market has so far defied these corporations.Africa has also proved to be a difficult market for the American-owned corporations, largely because the economic situation outside South Africa me ans a lack of profitable markets. In South Africa, Gallo Records is one of the biggest record labels, not only because of its representation of African music, but also from being exclusive licensee for Warner Music International. The Big Five are not always in competition with each other, and it is in their best interests to act together at times. EMI is the sole licensee of BMG material in Greece.A press material in May 2002 stressed that the deal would work well for both companies, with EMI licensing some important international artists, and BMG’s Greek artists being looked after by a company with a much bigger local presence. Co-operation and partnerships, then, can yield not only greater profits, but maintain their status as corporate giants. Many well-known smaller labels are in fact owned by one of the Big Five companies. While labels are often started by entrepreneurs, the dominance of the major labels makes large scale success difficult for these firms.And should they achieve a high degree of success, they excite to the predatory instincts of the large corporations. This gives the major labels a wider ranging repertoire in different geographical markets and musical genres. –ju While small labels will continue to exist, they become increasingly unable to grow without becoming part of one of the Big Five companies. This pattern looks set to continue into the future as the larger companies continue their strategy of acquisition, and potentially merge amongst themselves in an attempt to dominate the market even further.

BTK Strangler: Dennis Rader

Dennis Lynn Rader, born March 9, 1945, had been penalized to serve ten consecutive life sentences with no chance of parole for more than 40 years having been guilty of murdering ten (10) people in Sedgwick County, Kansas between 1974 and 1991. Rader became known to be the BTK Strangler, which stands for Bind, Torture and Kill, an apt description for his modus operandi. Soon after the killings, letters were written to the police and to local news outlets, boasting of the crimes and knowledge of the details. He was then arrested in 2005 and subsequently convicted after the letters have resumed in year 2004.Biography Rader was the eldest of the four sons of William Elvin and Dorothea Mae Rader. He grew up in Wichita, where he committed his murders, and graduated from Riverview School and later Wichita Heights High School. Rader also attended Kansas Wesleyan University and spent four years in the U. S. Air Force. Rader moved to Park City, a suburb seven miles north of Wichita. There he w orked at the meat department of Leekers IGA supermarket where his mother also worked as the bookkeeper. On May 22, 1971, he married Paula Dietz.In 1973, he earned an associate’s degree in Electronics at Butler County Community, El Dorado. That same time, he enrolled at Wichita State University and graduated with a bachelor’s degree in Administration of Justice in 1979. He led a Cub Scout troop and was active in his Lutheran Church. Rader has two grown children with Dietz. From 1972 to 1973, he worked for the Coleman Company as an assembler, as had two of his early victims. From November 1974, until being fired in July 1988, Rader worked ay a Wichita-based office of ADT Security Services.It was believed that this is where he has learned how home security systems work, and how to defeat them, enabling him to break into the homes of his victims without being caught. In 1991, Rader was hired to be the supervisor of the Compliance Department at Park City. On March 2, 2005, the Park City council fired Rader for failure to report to work. By this time, he had been detained by the authorities for being charged of murder. On July 27, 2005, Sedgwick County District Judge Eric Yost waived the usual 60-day waiting period and granted an immediate divorce for Paula Rader, being in accord that her mental health was in danger.Paula Rader said in her divorce petition that her mental and physical condition has been adversely affected by their marriage and that her husband had failed to perform material marital dues, possibly because of him being in custody. The 34-year marriage was ended, after Rader having not contested to the divorce. Bind, Torture and Kill Rader casually described his victims as his ‘projects’ and at one point likened his murders to euthanizing animals. He had referred to a ‘hit kit,’ a briefcase or bowling bag where he would put the items he would use during the murders.This includes guns, tape, rope and handcuffs. He also had ‘hit clothes’ that he would wear for the crimes and dispose it thereafter. Naturally, the American serial killer developed a pattern for his murders. He would wander the city, find potential victims, stalk them until he knew the patter of their lives and strike at the best time to do so. If his victims were his co-workers, he would get acquainted with them making it easier for him to track him down. He would often stalk several victims at a time, so he could continue the hunt if one did not work out.At the time of the murder, Rader would cut the phone lines, defeat the home security system and break into the house, and hide until his victim came home. He would often calm his victims by pretending to be a rapist. He said many of his victims were more cooperative after he said this, and even helped him. Instead, Rader would kill them. Apparently, Rader bound, tortured and killed his victims. He would strangle them until they lose consciousness, let them revive, and then strangle them again. â€Å"He would repeat the process over and over, forcing them to experience near-death, becoming sexually aroused at the sight of their struggles.Finally, Rader would strangle them to death and masturbate to ejaculation into an article of their clothing, usually underwear† (Smith 2006). Apprehension and Conviction One thousand one hundred (1100) DNA samples were taken by the police testing hundreds of men trying to find the serial killer. Rader’s daughter had a DNA sample tested after law enforcement had linked her father’s name to the crimes. Rader had left a note to the police asking them to reply by a newspaper ad, if it was alright for him to give them more information about himself via floppy disk and not get caught.The police had then replied, via the newspaper ad, that it was alright and that there was no way ok knowing who sent it, when in fact there was. On January 2005, Rader came to his pastor with a floppy disk saying he had the agenda of a church council meeting and needed to run off copies on a printer. He had inserted the disk into a computer thinking it was ordinary but unfortunately, that move may have cracked the BTK serial killer case to the police. On the last day of February 2005, Pastor Michael Clark welcomed four law enforcement officers with a search warrant and he was asked who had access to the computer.An electronic imprint in a disk sent to a Wichita TV station by the BTK killer had been traced to the church. It appears that a computer disk becomes the key evidence to charging the then 59-year-old church council president with 10 murders that terrorized the city for over three decades. The authorities had him caught; they quickly got the BTK’s name and tracked him down. The police had been tightlipped about why they believe Rader is the BTK killer, but some details have emerged indeed pointing to him as the murderer.Among them are the disk, DNA samples, surveillance and mocki ng letters. Rader, who was held in lieu of $10 million bail, was arrested on February 25, 2005 in Park City. One June 27, 2005, he pleaded guilty to his crimes and gave a graphic account of his crimes in court (Serial). Rader was suspected of eight murders committed in the 1970s and 80s but authorities have linked two additional victims to the serial killer. He was sentenced to serve 10 consecutive life sentences (one for each life he took), without parole for 175 years, on August 18, 2005.The Victims Rader’s victims include: ? 1974: Four members of one family (Joseph Otero, his wife Julie Otero, and two of their five children: Joseph Otero II and Josephine Otero) and a separate victim, Kathryn Bright ? 1977: Shirley Vian and Nancy Fox ? 1985: Marine Hedge ? 1986: Vicki Wegerle ? 1991: Dolores Davis Rader said he did have other intended victims, notably Anna Williams, 63, who in 9179 escaped death by returning home much later than he expected. The Letters Rader was particular ly known for sending taunting letters to police and newspapers.There were several communications from BTK during 1974 to 1979. The first was a letter that had been stashed in an engineering book in the Wichita Public Library in October 1974 that described in detail the killing of the Otero family in January of that year. In early 1978 he sent another letter to television station KAKE in Wichita claiming responsibility for the murders of the Oteros, Shirley Vian, Nancy Fox and another unidentified victim assumed to be Kathryn Bright. He suggested a number of possible names for himself, including the one that stuck: BTK.He demanded media attention in this second letter, and it was finally announced that Wichita did indeed have a serial killer at large. In 1979 he sent two identical packages, one to an intended victim who was not at home when he broke into her house and the other to KAKE. These featured a poem, â€Å"Oh Anna Why Didn't You Appear,† a drawing of what he had inten ded to do to his victim, as well as some small items he had pilfered from Williams' home. Apparently, Rader had waited for several hours inside the home of Anna Williams.Not realizing that she had gone to her sister's house for the evening, he eventually got tired of the long wait and left. In 1988, after the murders of three members of the Fager family in Wichita, a letter was received from someone claiming to be the BTK killer in which he denied being the perpetrator of this crime. He did credit the killer with having done admirable work. It was not proven until 2005 that this letter was in fact written by the genuine BTK killer, Rader, although he is not considered by police to have committed this crime. ArrestSometime during February 2005, police obtained a warrant for the medical records of Rader’s daughter. A tissue sample seized at this time was tested for DNA and provided a familial match with semen at an earlier BTK crime scene. This, along with other evidence gather ed prior to and during the surveillance, gave police probable cause for an arrest. Rader was stopped while driving near his home and taken into custody shortly after noon on February 25, 2005. Immediately after, law enforcement officials converged on Rader’s residence near the intersection of I-135 and 61st Street North.Once in hand, Rader’s home and vehicle were searched, and evidence was collected. Rader talked to the police for several hours, although he confessed almost immediately. Twelve DVDs were filled recording his confessions. On February 26, 2005, the Wichita Police Department announced that they were holding Dennis Lynn Rader as the prime suspect in the BTK killings in a press conference. The Reason Behind the Killings After having taken into custody, Rader admits through local police department interview that he committed the crimes â€Å"to satisfy his sexual fantasies† (Douglas 2007).Works Cited Beattie, R. Nightmare In Wichita: The Hunt for the B TK Strangler. New American Library, 2005. Brunker, M. Neighbors Paint Mixed Picture of BTK Suspect. MSNBC News Services & The Associated Press. 27 February 2005. Douglas, J. E. Inside the Mind of BTK: The true Story Behind Thirty Years of Hunting for the Wichita Serial Killer. Jossey Bass Wiley, 2007. Serial Killer Next Door – Confessions of the BTK Killer. CNN. 27 June 2005. Smith, C. The BTK Murders: Inside the â€Å"Bind Torture Kill† Case that Terrified America's Heartland. St. Martin's True Crime, 2006.

Saint Augustine s Book Review - 2376 Words

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By naming it Confessions, he tells the perspective audience that it is about the admission or confession of sin. Book 1, begins with a series of rhetorical questions that seem to be directed at God. He then moves on to provide answers to these questions by quoting scripture, all things find in you their origin, their impulse, the center of their being.(Augustine Pine-Coffin, 1961). Within the first chapter he shows specific interest in how God exists within the universe, and whether God is contained by the universe orShow MoreRelatedThe Power Of The Praying Parent1595 Words   |  7 PagesThe Power of the Praying Parent Saint Augustine’s Praise Song to His Mother Choose you this day whom ye will serve;... but as for me and my house, we will serve the Lord. - Josh 24:2, Around the year 354 in Tagaste, arose a child who fulfilled the prophecy in his name’s meaning and grew to become â€Å"great, and venerable†. 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1.7 List four applications you have used that most likely...

1.7 List four applications you have used that most likely employed a database. answer: 1.Reservations: Reservations are mostly used for booking the tickets of airlines,and booking tickets of buses and to see the availability of seats and for schedule information. reservations are free from data redundancy and it provides exact information of the passenger details and also we can know seats availability all over the world. Reservations were among the first to use databases in a geographically distributed manner.each and every department needs to have at least one instructor in order for building the information to be included about the availability of seats in the table. Null values can be used when there†¦show more content†¦Answer: Initially both database management system and file processing system are used to store the data in files but the main difference is 1.According to their accessing rights data base can be accessed all over the world but not in case of file processing system because file processing system is restricted to particular area. 2.Duplication of data which means duplicate the values and cannot enter null values in database management system but we can do both the things in file processing system 3.In my point of view database management system is user friendly when compared with file processing system. 4.data integrity is the major problem in file processing system but not in data base management system. 1.9 Explain the concept of physical data independence, and its importance in DBMS answer: Physical data independence: It refers to the immunity of the conceptual schema to changes in the internal schema, These are the changes can be done on the internal schema file organizations or storage structures and devices, editing indexes, should be possible without having to change the conceptual schemas.In my point of view, the only effect that may be noticed is a change in performance. *we can Switch from one access method to another. *system to store exact and accurate data. * Different type of data structures can be used. * Using different file organizations. *Using different storage structures. * Usage of new storage devices Physical data independenceShow MoreRelatedFactors Affecting Effective Inventory Control10606 Words   |  43 PagesThe completion of this study has inevitably involved various kinds of inputs from different people to whom Iam indebted. 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